"Effect of pulmonary artery catheterization in patients with non-ischemic cardiogenic shock: a nationwide analysis".

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) has been widely used in critically ill patients, yielding mixed results. Prior studies on cardiogenic shock (CS) predominantly included patients with acute myocardial infarction. This study aims to examine the effect of PAC use in patients with non-ischemic CS. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study employed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, including weighted hospitalizations of adult patients with non-ischemic CS during 2017 to 2019. In-hospital outcomes were compared between groups using inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS: A total of 303,970 patients with non-ischemic CS were included, of whom 17.5% received a PAC during their hospitalization. The median age was 67 years (interquartile range: 57 - 77) and 61% were male. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, patients in the PAC group had significantly lower in-hospital mortality (24.8% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.001), renal replacement therapy (10.7% vs. 12.4%, p = 0.002), in-hospital cardiac arrest (7.1% vs. 9.6%, p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (44.6% vs. 50.4%, p < 0.001) compared to non-PAC group. In contrast, the PAC group had higher use of intra-aortic balloon pump (15.4% vs. 3.4%, p < 0.001), percutaneous ventricular assist devices (12.6% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (3.9% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.001), and heart transplantation (2.1% vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the real-world setting, invasive hemodynamic monitoring with PAC in patients with non-ischemic CS is associated with survival benefits and a reduction in adverse events, including reduced need for renal replacement therapy, mechanical ventilation and risk of in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Impact of biliary stents in the performance of the EUS-guided tissue acquisition: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Impacto de los stents biliares en el rendimiento de la adquisición de biopsias guiadas por ecoendoscopia: una revisión sistemática y metanálisis

Introduction and aim: Pancreatobiliary tumours are challenging to diagnose exclusively by imaging methods. Although the optimum moment for carrying out the EUS is not well defined, it has been suggested that the presence of biliary stents may interfere with the proper staging of tumours and the acquisition of samples. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of biliary stents on EUS-guided tissue acquisition yield. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic review in different databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, and OVID Database. A search was made of all studies published up to February 2022. Results: Eight studies were analyzed. A total of 3185 patients were included. The mean age was 66.9±2.7 years; 55.4% were male gender. Overall, 1761 patients (55.3%) underwent EUS guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) with stents in situ, whereas 1424 patients (44.7%) underwent EUS-TA without stents. The technical success was similar in both groups (EUS-TA with stents: 88% vs EUS-TA without stents: 88%, OR=0.92 [95% CI 0.55–1.56]). The type of stent, the needle size and the number of the passes were similar in both groups. Conclusions: EUS-TA has similar diagnostic performance and technical success in patients with or without stents. The type of stent (SEMS or plastic) does not seem to influence the diagnostic performance of EUS-TA. Future prospectives and RCT studies are needed to strengthen these conclusions. (AU)

Introducción y objetivo: Los tumores pancreatobiliares son lesiones difíciles de diagnosticar exclusivamente por métodos de imagen. Aunque no está bien definido el momento óptimo para la realización de la ecoendoscopia (EUS), se ha demostrado que la presencia de stents biliares puede interferir en la correcta estadificación de los tumores y la toma de muestras. Realizamos un metanálisis para evaluar el impacto de los stents biliares en el rendimiento de la adquisición de tejido guiada por EUS. Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática en diferentes bases de datos, como PubMed, Cochrane, Medline y OVID Database. Se realizó una búsqueda de todos los estudios publicados hasta febrero de 2022. Resultados: Se analizaron 8 estudios. Se incluyeron un total de 3.185 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 66,9±2,7 años; el 55,4% fueron pacientes de sexo masculino. En total, 1.761 pacientes (55,3%) se sometieron a biopsias guiadas por EUS con stents in situ, mientras que 1.424 pacientes (44,7%) se sometieron a dichas biopsias sin stents. El éxito técnico fue similar en ambos grupos (EUS con stents: 88% vs. EUS sin stents: 88%, OR=0,92 [IC 95% 0,55-1,56]). El tipo de stent, el tamaño de la aguja y el número de pases fueron similares en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La biopsia por EUS tiene un rendimiento diagnóstico y un éxito técnico similares en pacientes con o sin stents. El tipo de stent (SEMS o plástico) no parece influir en el rendimiento diagnóstico de la adquisición de tejido guiada por EUS. Se necesitan futuros estudios prospectivos y estudios aleatorizados controlados para fortalecer estas conclusiones. (AU)

Association between frailty and in-hospital outcomes in patients undergoing leadless pacemaker implantation: A nationwide analysis.

Background: Leadless pacing has recently emerged as a promising therapy. The impact of frailty on the prognosis of these patients is currently unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between frailty and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing leadless pacemaker implantation. Methods: We included adult patients who underwent leadless pacemaker implantation using the National Inpatient Sample from 2017 to 2019. Frailty was evaluated using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score and stratified into low, intermediate, and high risk. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and any complication (vascular, pericardial, pneumothorax, infectious, or device related), and secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay and total charges. Results: A total of 16,825 patients were included in the final analysis, with 62% at intermediate or high risk of frailty. There was a higher risk of in-hospital mortality in patients at high (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 6.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.31-12.26) or intermediate (aRR 5.15, 95% CI 3.04-8.72) risk of frailty compared with those at low risk. Similarly, those at high or intermediate risk of frailty had higher total expenses and stayed in the hospital longer. Patients with a high (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 0.71-1.81) or intermediate (aRR 1.19, 95% CI 0.94-1.51) risk of frailty had a similar risk of any complication as patients with a low risk. Conclusion: Frailty was common in patients undergoing leadless pacemaker implantation. Higher levels of frailty were a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and hospital charges, except for any complication.

Nasal Lobular Capillary Hemangioma During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Objective: To perform a systematic review of published cases of nasal lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) during pregnancy. Data Source: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS. Review Methods: We searched electronic databases from inception to June 30, 2022. Case report and case series that reported clinical data on nasal LCH during pregnancy were included. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and numerical variables as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Results: Twenty-three studies (20 case reports and 3 case series) involving 29 patients were included. The mean age was 30.5 ± 5.3 years. A total of 62% cases were diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. The most frequent (62%) location of LCH was the nasal septum. All cases presented with epistaxis. A total of 48% cases were treated by surgical excision after delivery and the recurrence was 11%. Conclusion: Our review shows that nasal LCH during pregnancy usually manifests in the third trimester. This lesion can be treated by surgical excision with a relatively low risk of recurrence.

Severe cardiac events induced by combination immunotherapy in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis.

Introduction: The use of combined immunotherapy could increase non-severe and severe cardiac events in patients with cancer. To examine the occurrence of severe cardiac adverse events of combined immunotherapy compared to single immunotherapy, we analysed 4 electronic databases from inception to August 2021. Material and methods: We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing combined versus single immunotherapy, for the treatment of melanoma, oesophagogastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Pre-defined combined immunotherapy included monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1 inhibitors) plus against cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 inhibitors) or against programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1 inhibitors) plus CTLA-4 inhibitors. The pooled risk ratios (RR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a random-effects model. Results: Four RCTs involving 1581 patients were included, with a follow-up time between 18 and 39 months. The use of combined immunotherapy in comparison with single immunotherapy was not associated with an increased risk of severe cardiac adverse events: acute coronary syndromes (RR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.29-10.83, very low certainty of evidence (CoE)), myocardial infarction (RR = 3.93, 95% CI: 0.44-35.39, very low CoE), heart failure (RR = 2.99, 95% CI: 0.61-14.79, very low CoE), and atrial fibrillation (RR = 2.26, 95% CI: 0.62-8.16, very low CoE). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis shows that the risk of severe cardiac adverse events with combined immunotherapy seems similar to single immunotherapy, but the evidence is very uncertain. Therefore, more RCTs with longer follow-ups and adequately powered to assess cardiac adverse events are needed to confirm these findings.

Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Early enteral nutrition through a feeding tube is essential for the management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Nasojejunal tube nutrition has been preferred on the assumption that it provided pancreatic rest in comparison to the nasogastric tube. However, nasojejunal tube placement is complex, may delay feeding initiation and can increase hospital costs. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of enteral feeding with a nasogastric tube versus nasojejunal tube in patients with SAP. We searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) until December 1, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing enteral feeding by nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes in patients with SAP. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were organ failure, infection, complications, surgical intervention, duration of tube feeding and length of hospital stay. Risk of bias assessment was completed independently by two investigators using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. We performed random effects model meta-analyses using the inverse variance method. Effect measures were reported as relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. We included four RCTs involving 192 patients with SAP. The mean ages ranged between 36 and 62 years old. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the nasogastric and nasojejunal feeding arms (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). There were no significant differences in all secondary outcomes between feeding arms. There were three RCTs with some concerns of bias, in the randomization process. In conclusion, in patients with SAP, enteral feeding delivered by nasogastric tube was as efficacious and safe as nasojejunal tube. Further randomized controlled trials with more participants and better design are needed to confirm these findings.

Exercise-based training programs for patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: We assessed the effects of exercise-based training programs (EBTP) in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We conducted a search in Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library, and SciELO until January 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized intervention studies (NRIS) investigating the effects of EBTP in CCC patients were included. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the secondary outcomes were exercise capacity by peak VO2, heart failure-related hospital admissions (HFRHA), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results: The search strategy yielded 3617 studies. After removing duplicates and screening, eight studies (3 RCTs and 5 NRIS) involving 222 patients were included. Seven studies were conducted in Brazil. The age range was from 30 to 71 years, and 47.1% were male. Data on mortality, HRQoL, LVEF, and HFRHA were scarcely reported. The meta-analysis pooling four studies showed that the peak VO2 was significantly higher (mean difference 4.45, 95% confidence interval 3.50 to 5.39 mL/kg/min, I2 = 0%) in the EBTP group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The evidence available was limited and heterogeneous. While EBTP has shown to improve HRQoL and exercise capacity, there is no conclusive information about the other proposed outcomes. These positive effects present an opportunity to provide treatment to CCC patients in low- and middle-income countries. Further studies are needed to ascertain the effects of EBTP on hard outcomes in this population.Registration number: CRD42022334060.

Echocardiographic Criteria to Differentiate Constrictive Pericarditis From Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: A Meta-analysis.

Background: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Mayo Clinic echocardiographic criteria for differentiating between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Methods: We searched electronic databases for the date range from their inception to July 1, 2022. The index tests were the Mayo Clinic echocardiographic criteria. We performed a bivariate random-effects model to estimate the pooled sensitivity and specificity, each with 95% confidence interval (CI). The area under the curve of the summary receiver operator characteristic curves, with 95% CI, was also calculated. Results: We included 17 case-control studies involving 889 patients. The pooled sensitivity and specificity (95% CI), respectively, were as follows: ventricular septal shift, 82% (60%-94%) and 78% (65%-87%); respiratory variation in mitral inflow ≥ 14.6%, 71% (51%-85%) and 82% (66%-91%); septal e' velocity ≥ 8 cm/s, 83% (80%-87%) and 90% (83%-95%); septal e' velocity/lateral e' velocity ≥ 0.88, 74% (64%-82%) and 81% (70%-88%); and hepatic vein ratio in expiration ≥ 0.79, 73% (65%-81%) and 71% (19%-96%). The area under the curve of the summary receiver operator characteristic curves varied from 0.75 to 0.85, with overlapping CIs across index tests. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that all echocardiographic parameters from the Mayo Clinic criteria have good diagnostic accuracy for differentiating between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Contexte: Évaluation de l'exactitude diagnostique des critères échocardiographiques de la clinique Mayo visant à faire la distinction entre une péricardite constrictive et une cardiomyopathie restrictive. Méthodologie: Nous avons effectué une recherche dans des bases de données électroniques pour la période s'étendant de leur date de création au 1er juillet 2022. Les tests de concordance portaient sur les critères échocardiographiques de la clinique Mayo. Nous avons réalisé un modèle à effets aléatoires et à deux variables afin d'estimer la sensibilité et la spécificité en fonction des données regroupées, chacune avec un intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 %. L'aire sous la courbe des courbes caractéristiques sommaires de la performance du test, avec un IC à 95 %, a également été calculée. Résultats: Nous avons inclus 17 études cas-témoins comptant 889 patients. Selon les données groupées, la sensibilité et la spécificité (IC à 95 %), respectivement, étaient les suivantes : déplacement du septum interventriculaire, 82 % (60 à 94 %) et 78 % (65 à 87 %); variation respiratoire lors du remplissage mitral ≥ 14,6 %, 71 % (51 à 85 %) et 82 % (66 à 91 %); vitesse eʹ mesurée en septal ≥ 8 cm/s, 83 % (80 à 87 %) et 90 % (83 à 95 %); rapport vitesse eʹ mesurée en septal/vitesse eʹ mesurée en latéral ≥ 0,88, 74 % (64 à 82 %) et 81 % (70 à 88 %); et rapport veineux hépatique lors de l'expiration ≥ 0,79, 73 % (65 à 81 %) et 71 % (19 à 96 %). L'aire sous la courbe des courbes caractéristiques sommaires de la performance du test variait de 0,75 à 0,85, avec des IC se chevauchant dans les tests de concordance. Conclusions: Notre méta-analyse laisse entendre que tous les paramètres échocardiographiques de la clinique Mayo ont une bonne exactitude diagnostique pour faire la distinction entre la péricardite constrictive et la cardiomyopathie restrictive.

Vegetarian diets on anthropometric, metabolic and blood pressure outcomes in people with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether vegetarian diets (VDs) may improve outcomes in people with overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the effects of VDs vs. omnivore diets on anthropometric, metabolic, and blood pressure outcomes in people with overweight and obesity. METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until February 2, 2022. Primary outcomes were anthropometric risk factors (weight, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], hip circumference [HC], and body fat percentage). Secondary outcomes were metabolic risk factors (fasting serum glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels) and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP]). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed and effects were expressed as mean difference (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE methods. RESULTS: Nine RCTs (n = 1628) were included. VDs decreased weight (MD -3.60 kg, 95%CI -4.75 to -2.46) and glucose (MD -10.64 mg/dL, 95%CI -15.77 to -5.51), but did not decrease WC (MD -3.00 cm, 95%CI -6.20 to 0.20), BMI (MD -0.87 kg/m2, 95%CI -1.80 to 0.06), or HC (MD: -0.86 cm, 95%CI -3.46 to 1.74). VDs did not decrease HbA1c (MD -0.40%, 95%CI -0.89 to 0.10), insulin (MD -3.83 mU/L, 95%CI -8.06 to 0.40), SBP (MD -0.25 mmHg, 95%CI -2.58 to 2.07), or DBP (MD -1.57 mmHg, 95%CI -3.93 to 0.78). Subgroup analyses by type of VD (four RCTs evaluated lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets and five RCTs vegan diets) showed similar results to the main analyses. QoE was very low for most of the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to an omnivorous diet, VDs may reduce weight and glucose, but not blood pressure or other metabolic or anthropometric outcomes. However, the QoE was mostly very low. Larger RCTs are still needed to evaluate the effects of VD on anthropometric, metabolic factors, and blood pressure in people with overweight and obesity.

Prognostic role of CA-125 in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become a widely used therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) is a promising biomarker in some cardiovascular diseases. This systematic review aims to assess the prognostic role of CA-125 in patients undergoing TAVR. We searched electronic databases from inception to March 2023 to include cohort studies evaluating the association between preprocedural CA-125 levels and mortality or heart failure (HF) readmission at 12 months in patients undergoing TAVR. We pooled crude (cHR) and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. The risk of bias was evaluated using the QUIPS tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. We included five cohort studies involving 1594 patients. Higher levels of CA-125 were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality or HF readmission using crude (cHR 2.79, 95% CI 1.45-5.36, I2 = 72%) and adjusted (aHR 3.27, 95% CI 2.07-5.18, I2 = 0%, high certainty) effect estimates compared with lower levels. Similarly, there was also associated with increased mortality using crude (cHR 2.68, 95% CI 1.99-3.60, I2 = 0%) and adjusted (aHR 2.17, 95% CI 1.54-3.07, I2 = 0%, high certainty) effect estimates. The risk of bias varied between low to moderate across studies. Our meta-analysis suggests that CA-125 has incremental prognostic value in patients undergoing TAVR. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of CA-125 in guiding treatment decisions in this population.

Impact of Frailty on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Who Underwent Cardiac Ablation Using a Nationwide Database.

This study aimed to assess the association between frailty and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who undergo catheter ablation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2017 to 2019. Adult patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AF who underwent catheter ablation were included. Frailty was assessed using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score. The primary outcome was the presence of any complication (vascular, cardiac, respiratory, neurologic, or infectious), and secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and hospital charges. A total of 21,075 weighted hospitalizations were included, and 14% were classified as intermediate or great risk of frailty. Patients with intermediate (adjusted relative risk 2.86, 95% confidence interval 2.24 to 3.67) and great (adjusted relative risk 6.68, 95% confidence interval 3.77 to 11.84) risk of frailty were associated with a greater risk of any complication than that of the group at less risk. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher among patients at intermediate risk than among those at less risk of frailty (2.6% vs 0.1%, p <0.001). Patients with great and intermediate risk had significantly longer hospital stays than did the group with less risk (median 14 vs 5 vs 2 days, p <0.001), in addition to greater total charges (median $189,072 vs $161,598 vs $130,672, p <0.001), respectively. In conclusion, frailty was associated with a greater risk of poor short-term outcomes in patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation. The Hospital Frailty Risk Score is a useful tool for identifying patients at increased risk of adverse events and could aid in preoperative optimization and postoperative management.

Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acutepancreatitis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Early enteral nutrition through a feeding tube is essential for the management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Nasojejunal tube nutrition has been preferred on the assumption that it provided pancreatic rest in comparison to the nasogastric tube. However, nasojejunal tube placement is complex, may delay feeding initiation and can increase hospital costs. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of enteral feeding with a nasogastric tube versus nasojejunal tube in patients with SAP. We searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) until December 1, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing enteral feeding by nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes in patients with SAP. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were organ failure, infection, complications, surgical intervention, duration of tube feeding and length of hospital stay. Risk of bias assessment was completed independently by two investigators using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. We performed random effects model meta-analyses using the inverse variance method. Effect measures were reported as relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. We included four RCTs involving 192 patients with SAP. The mean ages ranged between 36 and 62 years old. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the nasogastric and nasojejunal feeding arms (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). There were no significant differences in all secondary outcomes between feeding arms. There were three RCTs with some concerns of bias, in the randomization process. In conclusion, in patients with SAP, enteral feeding delivered by nasogastric tube was as efficacious and safe as nasojejunal tube. Further randomized controlled trials with more participants and better design are needed to confirm these findings.

La nutrición enteral temprana a través de una sonda de alimentación es esencial para el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda severa (PAS). Se ha preferido la nutrición por sonda nasoyeyunal, bajo el supuesto de que proporciona descanso pancreático en comparación con la sonda nasogástrica. Sin embargo, la colocación de la sonda nasoyeyunal es compleja, puede retrasar el inicio de la alimentación y aumentar los costos hospitalarios. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la alimentación enteral con sonda nasogástrica versus sonda nasoyeyunal en pacientes con PAS. Se realizaron búsquedas en cuatro bases de datos (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y Embase) hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2022. Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) que compararon la alimentación enteral mediante sondas nasogástricas y nasoyeyunales en pacientes con PAS. El resultado primario fue la mortalidad por todas las causas. Los resultados secundarios fueron insuficiencia orgánica, infección, complicaciones, intervención quirúrgica, duración de la alimentación por sonda y duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Dos investigadores completaron de forma independiente la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo mediante la herramienta Cochrane RoB 2.0. Realizamos metanálisis de modelos de efectos aleatorios utilizando el método de varianza inversa. Las medidas del efecto se informaron como riesgos relativos (RR) y sus IC del 95% para resultados dicotómicos y diferencias de medias (DM) y sus IC del 95% para resultados continuos. Se incluyeron cuatro ECA con 192 pacientes con PAS. La edad media osciló entre 36 y 62 años. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad por todas las causas entre los brazos de alimentación nasogástrica y nasoyeyunal Cambiar lo resaltado por: (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). No hubo diferencias significativas en todos los resultados secundarios entre los brazos de alimentación. Hubo tres ECA con algunas preocupaciones de sesgo en el proceso de asignación aleatorizado. En conclusión, en pacientes con PAS, la alimentación enteral administrada por sonda nasogástrica fue tan eficaz y segura como la sonda nasoyeyunal. Se necesitan más ensayos controlados aleatorios con más participantes y mejor diseño para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Impact of biliary stents in the performance of the EUS-guided tissue acquisition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Pancreatobiliary tumours are challenging to diagnose exclusively by imaging methods. Although the optimum moment for carrying out the EUS is not well defined, it has been suggested that the presence of biliary stents may interfere with the proper staging of tumours and the acquisition of samples. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of biliary stents on EUS-guided tissue acquisition yield. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review in different databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, and OVID Database. A search was made of all studies published up to February 2022. RESULTS: Eight studies were analyzed. A total of 3185 patients were included. The mean age was 66.9±2.7 years; 55.4% were male gender. Overall, 1761 patients (55.3%) underwent EUS guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) with stents in situ, whereas 1424 patients (44.7%) underwent EUS-TA without stents. The technical success was similar in both groups (EUS-TA with stents: 88% vs EUS-TA without stents: 88%, OR=0.92 [95% CI 0.55-1.56]). The type of stent, the needle size and the number of the passes were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-TA has similar diagnostic performance and technical success in patients with or without stents. The type of stent (SEMS or plastic) does not seem to influence the diagnostic performance of EUS-TA. Future prospectives and RCT studies are needed to strengthen these conclusions.

Ethnic Disparities in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Outcomes and Processes of Care in Patients With and Without Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Trials suggest patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without 'standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors' (SMuRFs) have poorer outcomes, but the role of ethnicity has not been investigated. We analyzed 118,177 STEMI patients using the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) registry. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression models; patients with ≥1 SMuRF (n = 88,055) were compared with 'SMuRFless' patients (n = 30,122), with subgroup analysis comparing outcomes of White and Ethnic minority patients. SMuRFless patients had higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (odds ratio, OR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16) and in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.18) after adjusting for demographics, Killip classification, cardiac arrest, and comorbidities. When additionally adjusting for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and revascularisation (percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafts surgery (CABG)), results for in-hospital mortality were no longer significant (OR 1.05, 95% CI .97-1.13). There were no significant differences in outcomes according to ethnicity. Ethnic minority patients were more likely to undergo revascularisation with ≥1 SMuRF (88 vs 80%, P < .001) or SMuRFless (87 vs 77%, P < .001. Ethnic minority patients were more likely undergo ICA and revascularisation regardless of SMuRF status.

The added value of hypertonic saline solution to furosemide monotherapy in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

We assessed the effects of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) plus furosemide versus furosemide alone in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We searched four electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) until June 30, 2022. The quality of evidence (QoE) was assessed using the GRADE approach. All meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. A trial sequential analysis (TSA) was also conducted for intermediate and biomarker outcomes. Ten RCTs involving 3013 patients were included. HSS plus furosemide significantly reduced the length of hospital stay (mean difference [MD]: -3.60 days; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -4.56 to -2.64; QoE: moderate), weight (MD: -2.34 kg; 95% CI: -3.15 to -1.53; QoE: moderate), serum creatinine (MD: -0.41 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.49 to -0.33; QoE: low), and type-B natriuretic peptide (MD: -124.26 pg/mL; 95% CI: -207.97 to -40.54; QoE: low) compared to furosemide alone. HSS plus furosemide significantly increased urine output (MD: 528.57 mL/24 h; 95% CI: 431.90 to 625.23; QoE: moderate), serum Na+ (MD: 6.80 mmol/L; 95% CI: 4.92 to 8.69; QoE: low), and urine Na+ (MD: 54.85 mmol/24 h; 95% CI: 46.31 to 63.38; QoE: moderate) compared to furosemide alone. TSA confirmed the benefit of HSS plus furosemide. Due to the heterogeneity in mortality and heart failure readmission, meta-analysis was not performed. Our study shows that HSS plus furosemide, compared to furosemide alone, improved surrogated outcomes in ADHF patients with low or intermediate QoE. Adequately powered RCTs are still needed to assess the benefit on heart failure readmission and mortality.

Weight and Metabolic Outcomes in Naïve HIV Patients Treated with Integrase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of integrase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy could be associated with worse weight and metabolic outcomes in patients with HIV infection. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2022. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing integrase inhibitors with other antiretroviral classes (efavirenz-based or protease inhibitor-based therapies) in naïve HIV patients. Random effects meta-analysis was used to assess the effects of integrase inhibitors vs. controls on weight and lipid outcomes. Effects were described as mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Certain pieces of evidence (CoE) were evaluated using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS: Six RCTs (n = 3521) were included, with patients followed up between 48 and 96 weeks. The use of integrase inhibitors in comparison with other antiretroviral classes was associated with an increase in weight (MD 2.15 kg, 95%CI 1.40 to 2.90, I2 = 0%, moderate CoE), and decreases in total cholesterol (MD -13.44 mg/dL, 95%CI -23.49 to -3.39, I2 = 96%, low CoE), LDL cholesterol (MD -1.37 mg/dL, 95%CI -19.24 to -3.50, I2 = 83%, low CoE), HDL cholesterol (MD -5.03 mg/dL, 95%CI -10.61 to 0.54, I2 = 95%, low CoE), and triglycerides (MD -20.70 mg/dL, 95%CI -37.25 to -4.15, I2 = 92%, low CoE). There was a high risk of bias in two RCTs and some concerns about bias in two RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV patients, the use of integrase inhibitor-based therapy in comparison with protease inhibitor- or NNRTI-based therapy was associated with a small increase in weight and small decreases in lipid serum levels.

Effects of Probiotics on Intermediate Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotics on cardiovascular intermediate outcomes have been scarce in recent years. We systematically evaluated the efficacy of probiotics on intermediate cardiovascular outcomes in patients with overweight or obesity. METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in four databases (until August 2021) that evaluated the effects of probiotics versus controls on intermediate cardiovascular outcomes. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI), weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Inverse variance random effects meta-analyses were used. The effects were reported as mean difference (MD), with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The quality of evidence (QoE) was assessed with GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluations) methodology. RESULTS: A total of 25 RCTs were included (n = 2170), with a range of follow-up from two to six months. Probiotics likely reduced BMI (MD -0.27 kg/m2, 95%CI: -0.35 to -0.19; 17 RCTs; I2 = 26%, QoE: moderate), as well as likely reduced weight (MD -0.61 kg, 95%CI: -0.89 to -0.34; 15 RCTs; I2 = 0%, QoE: moderate), and may have slightly reduce LDL (MD -4.08 mg/dL; 95%CI: -6.99 to -1.17; 9 RCTs; I2 = 87%, QoE: low) in comparison to the controls. However, probiotics had no effect on SBP (MD -0.40 mmHg; 95%CI: -5.04 to 4.25; 7 RCTs; I2 = 100%, QoE: very low), DBP (MD -1.73 mmHg; 95%CI: -5.29 to 1.82; 5 RCTs; I2 = 98%, QoE: very low), glucose (MD -0.07 mg/dL; 95%CI -0.89 to 0.75; I2 = 96%, QoE: very low), HDL (MD -1.83 mg/dL; 95%CI: -4.14 to 2.47; 14 RCTs; I2 = 98%, QoE: very low), or triglycerides (MD -3.29 mg/dL, 95%CI -17.03 to 10.45; 14 RCTs, I2 = 95%, QoE: very low) compared to control arms, and the evidence was very uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: In obese or overweight patients, BMI, weight, and LDL were lower in patients who received probiotics compared to those who received controls. Other lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were not affected by the probiotics.

Short-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of superficial gastric neoplasms in non-Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now considered the standard treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC). However, the widespread adoption of ESD in western countries has been slow. We performed a systematic review to evaluate short-term outcomes of ESD for EGC in non-Asian countries. Methods: We searched 3 electronic databases from inception until October 26, 2022. Primary outcomes were en bloc, R0 and curative resections rate by region. Secondary outcomes were overall complications, bleeding, and perforation rate by region. The proportion of each outcome, with the 95% confidence interval (CI), was pooled using a random-effects model with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Results: Twenty-seven studies from Europe (n=14), South America (n=11) and North America (n=2) were included, involving 1875 gastric lesions. Overall, en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates were achieved in 96% (95%CI 94-98%), 85% (95%CI 81-89%), and 77% (95%CI 73-81%) of cases, respectively. Considering only information from lesions with adenocarcinoma, the overall curative resection was 75% (95CI 70-80%). Bleeding and perforation were observed in 5% (95%CI 4-7%) and 2% (95%CI 1-4%) of cases, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that short-term outcomes of ESD for the treatment of EGC are acceptable in non-Asian countries.

Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Types with In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for adverse outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but large-scale studies investigating the differential impact of Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM) on AMI outcomes are lacking. METHODS: All adult discharges for AMI in the National Inpatient Sample (October 2015 to December 2018) were included and stratified into T1DM, T2DM and non-DM (NDM) groups. Outcomes of interests were all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), major bleeding and acute ischemic stroke, as well as invasive management. Binomial hierarchical multilevel multivariable logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) was used to investigate the association between DM and its subtypes with the AMI outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 2,587,615 patients, there were 29,250 (1.1 %) T1DM and 1,032,925 (39.9 %) T2DM patients. After multivariable adjustment, patients with T1DM had increased odds of MACCE (aOR 1.20, 95 % CI 1.09-1.31), all-cause mortality (aOR 1.20, 95 % CI 1.08-1.33) and major bleeding (aOR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.13-1.44), whilst T2DM patients had increased odds of MACCE (aOR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.01-1.05) and ischemic stroke (aOR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.05-1.13), compared to NDM patients. The adjusted odds of receiving percutaneous coronary intervention were lower in both T1DM and T2DM patients (aOR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.66-0.75 and aOR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.94-0.96, respectively), but T2DM patients showed higher utilization of composite percutaneous and surgical revascularization (aOR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.03-1.04) compared to NDM patients. CONCLUSIONS: DM patients presenting with AMI have worse in-hospital clinical outcomes compared to NDM patients. There are important DM type-related differences with T1DM patients having overall worse outcomes and receiving less overall revascularization.